An important item in the kit is the Breadboard, Which is a rectangular plastic board having multi tiny holes to insert different electronic devices such as LED, Servo Motor and Sensors,to build an electronic circuit.
To understand Breadboard better, and how the holes are connected I watched this video.



Breadboard will make the process of connecting devices to the Arduino Nano much easier, espacially when connecting more than one device to one pin.

First of all, output devices is the dvice that coverts electrical energy into a different type of energy such as light, movement and sound.

For example, when we connect a battery or a power source to an output device, the device will recieve a voltage and then convert is to another type of energy depending on the output device that is connected.

In this week, istead of connecting these devices to a power source, we will connect these devices to a microcontroller that will supply voltage according to the written code.

This figure below, shows how the difference in connections and voltage supply between using a microcontroller or a power source directly.

In the kit I have two input devices which are:

a. Servo Motor
b. Piezo Buzzer

The first device I will be using from the kit is the Servo Motor, which is an output device. Where I will write a code using Arduino IDE, upload it to the Arduino Nano, and then the Servo Motor will operate.
To begin, I used a built-in example called Sweep. The servo motor has Three wires to be connected:
1. Ground wire(brown or black) to be connected to GNF on the Arduino Nano.
2. Power wire (red) to be connected to 5V on the ArduinoNano.
3. Signle wire (yellow) to be connected to a digital pin on the Arduino Nano.
*You can see below how to connect wires between the Servo Motor and Arduino Nano.
*Press on Code to see the written code, and then on Start Simulation to see how the code is working.

To build a new Servo Motor code, I wanted to write a code that will rotate the Servo Motor in a 360 continuous rotation. And here I tried my best but couldn't do it, after searching I realized that the Servo Motor I have is able to rotate only to 180 degrees and it is called Stanard Ervo Motor, while there is another type that is able to rotate in 360 degrees called Cotinuous Servo Motor.
So, I wrote this code below that contains short sentences explaining each step. *This code will rotate the shaft from its initial position to 90 degrees, wait for 1 second, then rotate from 90 degree to 180 degree, wait for 1 second, then rotate back to its initial position. After that, it will have a continuous rotation from 0 degree to 180 degree, and this is by adding 1 degree step each time using a for loop, with adelay time between steps of 15 milliseconds which is fast. Finally, the shaft will return back from 180 degree to 0 degree by subtracting 1 step, with a delay time of 30 millisecond between steps wchi is slower that the step before.

*To see how the code is working, I upload is to TinkerCad by changing the code language from block to text, then I pasted the codes, and finally press on start simulation to see how the motor's movement changes.
*And Then I uploaded the code to my Arduino to see the result on the Servo Motor I am having.

The second output device I am having in the kit is the Piezo Buzzer, a device that generate basic beeps and tones using a piezo crystal. A piezo crystal is a material that changes shape when voltage is applied it. By changing the frequency of the voltage, the piezo will start generating sounds by changing shape very quickly.
To start with the Piezo Buzzer I used the built-in example called ToneMelody and the code to do it is shown below. And here is how I connected the Piezo Buzzer to my Adruino showing the wiring connections to the pins.

To practice more and write a code to operate the Piezo buzzer, I wanted to write a code that will play the Birthday song.
I used a table shared by my instructor Duaa AlAali that contains frequancies and durations required to build the whole song. Refrencing to this table, I was able to write a code that will plays the birthday music. And here is a video showing the result.

I used DigitalInputPullup example to understand how the Push Button provided in the kit used.
This example will blink the built-in LED light if it is pressed, read a digital input and prints the results to the Serial Monitor. This digital input will be taken from the Push Button if it is pressed or not.
So, I connected the Push Button to the Arduino Nano using two jumpers, one is connected to pin GND, while the other one is connected to pin D2 as shown below.



After uploading the code, I opened the serial monitor to see the result. By selecting Tools/Serial Monitor.

This is the result shown on the Serial Monitor, as shown the result is only showing 0 and 1.

*Where 0 indicates the Push Button is pressed, and 1 indicates unpressed Push Button.

And the result will keep on showing without stopping as long as the Arduino is Connected, And it will show the number 0 as long as the Push Button is pressed.

So, I wanted to do some changes in the code to change the result on the Serial Monitor, so that when the button is pressed "Push Button is pressed, LED is ON" only once.

To do this I wrote a code that will indicate when is the state of the Push Button is changing and print this sentence.

This vedio below is showing how the result changed on the Serial Monitor and LED blinking when I press the Push Button.

To Practice the Push Button more I built a new code that links the Push Button to the movement of Servo Motor. Where I connected the Push Button as before to Pin D2 and Pin GND, while the motor to Pin GND, Pin 5V and Pin D9.
As a result of this code, the motor will rotate to 180 degrees if I press the Push Button, and return to 0 degrees if it is un pressed.

The second input device I am having in the kit is MH-Sensor-Series looking as:

As shown in the figure the Sensor has four main pins, VCC to be connected to 5V, GND to be connected to grounf, D0 to be connected to a digital pin, and finally A0 to be connected to analog bin.

I used the AnalogReadSerial example to read analog input and print the result on the Serial Monitor.

After uploading the code, I opened Serial Monitor window to see the results and it seems that if I put a white item infront of the Sensor a low number will be displayed on the Serial Monitor, while black items will result in high number.

To practice more and figure out how the sensor is working, I wrote a code that will connect the Servo motor movement to the Sensor. Where the motor will move if there is an item in close proximity to the sensor.

Connecting the digital pin of the sensor is important to run this code, because I want the motor to move if the sensor inputs a high value, and return back to its initial angle if the sensor inputs a low value, so I wrote the code as the following.

After uploading the code to my Arduino, I was able to make the motor move 180 degree by keeping any item in close proximity to the sensor as the following.